Conformity and Individuality in a Small Town Essay -- essays research

Conformity and Individuality in a Small TownJohn Updike was born in Shillington, Pennsylvania on March 18, 1932. His father was a high school math teacher who supported the entire family, including his grandparents on his mothers side. As a child, Updike wanted to become a cartoonist because of The New Yorker magazine. He wrote articles and poems and kept a journal. John was an exceptional student and received a full scholarship to Harvard University. At Harvard he majored in English and became the editor of the Harvard newspaper. Upon graduation in 1954, he wrote his first story, Friends from Philadelphia, and sent it to The New Yorker. This started his career and he became one of the great award lovely authors of our time.      In a transcript of a radio interview with Updike, he says his duties in the early works were to describe reality as it had come to me, to reach the mundane its beautiful due. (http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec03/updi ke_12-29.html retrieved 7/27/05) Updike felt as though ordinary middle-class look was enough to write about and that in that respect was enough drama, interest, relevance, importance, poetry in it.The A& adenosine monophosphateP written by John is about middle and, presumed, upper middle class life and the characters are ones that people can easily hear with. There is the teenage boy, Sammy, working a meaningless job ogling scantily clad teenage girls, a married man with children, Stokesie, doing the same, an uptight store manager, Lengel, who, in this case, is a man but could have easily been a woman in todays society, the insecure teenage girls, who Sammy nicknamed Plaid and Big Tall Goonie-Goonie, following around their leader, the leader herself, Queenie, who is confident in her socioeconomic status as well as her appearance, the housewives who cover themselves in public, the cash-register-watcher, the sheep or the other people in the A&P doing their grocery shopping, and the butcher, McMahon. All of these characters allow any reader to identify with them in some way, whether past or present.      The story takes place on a summer afternoon in an eastern coastal town at a local grocery store, the A & P. The protagonist is Sammy is a teenaged boy who works at the A&P. Sammy is also the cashier of the story, the reader sees through his ey... ...have given boys a hard time? Would the boys have had real names? These are questions for every reader to decide for themselves. An nonated BibliographyPorter, M. Gilbert. John Updikes A & P the establishment and an Emersonian cashier. English Journal 61 (1972)1155-1158.Reinforces Sammys discust for the A&P clientele. At the same time, Sammy realizes he is an individual with individual thoughts and feelings that do not conform with the moral, social and ethical standards of that time.Saldivar, Toni. The Art of John Updikes A & P. Studies in Short Fiction. 342(1997) 215-225. &n bsp    This demonstrates Sammys desire to express his individuality and get up against the obligingness of society at that time and the A&Ps representation of that conformity.Wells, Walter. John Updikes A & P A Return Visit to Araby. Studies in ShortFiction 30.2 (1993) 127-133.     Demonstrates the maturity process of Sammy. Confusing sexual impulses for being a hero. Sammy thinks he is impressing the girls, but they dont even notice. Reinforces the individuality/conformity themes.

Personal Narrative - Russias Communist Society and its Government :: Russian History

Lenin promised peace to the Russian people, but it was an illusion that never came, for the country where my great-grandfather remained with the majority of my family soon sunk into civil war.Untouched by man, the juggle lay still and smooth, cloaked in white purity. Guilt filled my every step as piles of snow crumbled helplessly under my to a great extent feet. At the door I paused to look upon the path my footsteps had made only to become discouraged at the beauty I had destroyed. Silently, she sat by the drafty window in her dimly lit apartment. Her long, silver hair fell in frantic, unruly curls about her face, yet she made no attempt to skirmish them aside. When she spoke, it was not as if she was directing her words toward me, or any iodin else in the room. Instead she spoke to the window and the winter winds blowing feverishly outside. She asks if I ever noticed how one could feel and smell a snowstorm hours before the first flakes begin to fall. The harsh Russian winters o f her youth had left her with a sixth sense in predicting oncoming blizzards. Slowly she lets out a shallow sigh as she remembers how her family could feel the oncoming revolution months before 1917. The Bolsheviks climb to power was a slow down and involved process, much like the time it takes for a few snowflakes to turn into a blizzard. She tells how the smell of revolution was powerful enough to encourage the majority of her family to melt Russia before it was too late. Her father, however, was a Cossack, a royal officer to the Tsar and a servant to Russia. Despite the Bolsheviks increasing power and the threat of revolution, her father remained reason out to the Tsar, putting himself in constant danger. For the first time, tears fill her eyes, and she tells me the sad horror that the Revolution inflicted upon her family. Like an unstoppable force of nature, the Russian communist political party not only tore apart the government of 1917, but also divided families and destro yed the lives of many Russians. The woman sitting in the chair revelation her life story to me is my grandmother. Although the memories are painful for her to recall, she states how important it is to know ones heritage. As a child, I was weaned on the stories of my Russian ancestors, and in school I had read textbooks discussing the Russian Revolution of 1917.

An Act of Courage Essay -- Courage Bravery Personal Narratives Essays

An Act of CourageFaced with the task of writing a paper on a specific act of courage my initial reaction was that of total uncertainty. Later that evening, as I lay in my bed watching television receiver I pondered what topic to do for the paper. Then the sportscaster on the news began an interview with Jim Abbott a well-known major league pitcher. I thought to myself, this is stainless Jim Abbott is a man who shows courage when the odds are against him. He is fulfilling his lifespanlong dream of meeting professional baseball despite the fact that he was innate(p) without a right hand. Whenever I see Jim pitch, I am reminded of almostthing that happened when I was about 8 or 9 at summer camp.Before that summer, I had always felt pity for people who were physically challenged especially Justin Berger. Justin, a boy in my age group at Camp Wayne, who was born with some kind of illness that prevented him from controlling the movements of his left hand. I never teased him or talked badly about him to others what I did in some ways was oft worse. I labeled him different. I saw him as inferior and thought that he needed some extra leeway in such activities as sports. However, Justin saw his handicap as a motivator, a reason to work harder and excel in all aspects of camp life. Camp Wayne was very competitive the summer culminated with four solar days of intense sports competition called Color War. It was during Color War that my view of Justin changed.During Color War the whole camp is divided into two teams. The teams play each other in various competitions and sports for 4 days and at the end of the fourth day the points are tallied up to see who won. It was the last day of Color War, the day everything would be decided. There was not atomic number 53 camper whose heart wasnt rushing with intense emotions and pride. It was about 300, the voice over the intercommunication system said it is now time for second period every unitary except the A & B groups (t he youngest campers) go down to the main soccer field to watch the D group soccer game. I laced up my cleats and ran down to the field. Over the years our age group the D group, had earned the reputation of one of the most athletic groups in Camp Wayne history. Just about everyone was gathered in the bleachers to watch our soccer game. Soccer was my sport, by this point I was considered one of the best, the Captain of the Blue team. The coach and I set up ... ...od Silver Burdett Press, 1990. This agree was about people who were told they would never make it but they proved the skeptics wrong. The book consisted of many career facts and focused on mainly the major leagues.Macht, Norman L. Jim Abbott, Major League Pitcher. Ed. Kathy Campbell. Philadelphia Chlesea House Publishers, 1994. The book was about living the life of a physically handicapped person. I used the book to tell about Jims strength and as basic reference to overcoming his handicap.Making it to the Majors. Narr. Jo hn Hinkins. Espn. California. 5 may 1990. This was a TV interview with Jim Abbott. I used the interview for many quotes which I added to the paper where I deemed they fit.Savage, Jeff. Sports Great Jim Abbott. Hillside Enslow Publishers, 1993. The author who is a sportswriter follows the life of Abbott from his childhood days to the majors. This book was very in-depth and was a good source for the little things that were hard to find in the other books.White, Ellen Emerson. Jim Abbott Against All Odds. New York pedant Inc., 1990. The book was your average basic biography. I used it for some minor details about Jim growing up over the years.

Essay on Brutalities of African Society in Chinua Achebes Things Fall

Brutalities of African Society Exposed in Things Fall Apart David Carroll writes, of the novel Things Fall Apart, This incident is not only a input signal on Okonkwos heartlessness. It criticizes implicitly the laws he is too literally implementing... (Carroll) The incident that David Carroll refers to is the death of Ikemefuna. Ikemefuna was a young boy who was handed over to the village of Umuofia as recompense for the murder of one of that villages citizens. He is handed over to Okonkwo, a great man in the village, to whom he gives every affection. The brief life with Okonkwo and death of this sincere young man, and the life of Okonkwo himself, is a microcosm of life in Umuofia. Inconsistencies, brutalities, and conflict abound in even the highest of Umuofian life. And as Ikemefuna is led off to be murdered by the man he calls father, the whole tribe and its values is being judged and found wanting (Carroll). When Ikemefuna first arrives in Umuofia, he is housed with Okonkwo because Okonkwo is a great man in the village. He had reached his prime and was a man of wealth. Ikemefuna quickly befriended Okonkwos eldest son and began calling Okonkwo father. Soon, however, this seeming peace and civility in the village and the life of the villagers disappears. Okonkwo receives a message from the village elders that the boy, the towns innocence, must be killed off. The boy is lead off to the slaughter completely unaware of his fate, and with his father in the company of the killers. When a panga is drawn and the black pot atop Ikemefunas head is cut down, the boy runs to the man he loved as father. It is he who, lacking the courage to confront the others with his love for the boy, draws his machete and... ...e on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart (Achebe, 176). The village of Umuofia held to backward laws and values that destroy innocent children (Achebe, 146). The tribes innocence had to proceed in order for those who survived to ma ture. Although Umuofias peak of innocence may have been when Ikemefuna was handed over to the village, but its maturity would come through the death of Ikemefuna, the tribes innocence, at the pass on of those the tribe called father. Things Fall Apart clearly illustrates the faults of the African system and way of life through the series of catastrophes which end with his Okonkwos and Umuofias death (Carroll). Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. red-hot York, New York Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1994. Carroll, David. Chinua Achebe. New York St. Martins Press, 1980.

Elizabeth I :: essays research papers fc

Elizabeth IKing Henry VIII changed history in order to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping she could give him a newfounds to be his heir. He already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, a princess of Spain, whom he divorced. The Pope would not allow the divorce, so Henry declared himself the lintel of the Church of England, and disallowed any power the Pope might hold on English religion.On September 7, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne had a daughter, who was named Elizabeth. A few age later, Henry accused Anne of incest, which historians agree was probably untrue - but Anne was beheaded in May 1536, and Elizabeth, not even three years old, was sent to pass with relatives so she wouldnt remind Henry of Anne. Henry had remarried Jane Seymour, who gave birth to Henrys son, Edward, later to be Edward VI, but died soon afterwards.Catherine Parr, Henrys sixth and final wife, brought Elizabeth and Mary back to court. As the Dowager Queen, she travel away from court and l eft the ruling of the country to Edward VI, who was still a young boy. Edward Seymour (young Edwards uncle) became Lord Protector of England. Elizabeth went with Catherine, but left after an incident with Catherines new husband, Thomas Seymour, and rumors of the time suggested that Catherine caught them kissing, or perhaps even in bed together. Catherine died soon after Elizabeths departure.Young King Edward was always sickly, and came down with consumption, or tuberculosis. It seemed that he would die too young to have a child to be his heir, and it became a dangerous time for Princess Elizabeth. She was Henrys daughter, she was in Henrys will as an heir, she was in assembly line for the throne and so was a target of many marriage proposals.Thomas Seymour asked Elizabeth to marry him, but she refused. However, both were suspected of plotting against Edward. Elizabeth was not questioned, but Seymour was arrested and eventually put to death for treason after an attempt to kidnap th e young king. Elizabeth, upon hearing of the Lord Admirals death, was marked as saying "Today died a man of much wit, and really little judgment."Edwards declining health began a movement of Protestants who did not want Mary, a Catholic, to gain the throne. Lady Jane Grey, a descendant of Henrys sister Mary, was also considered a manageable heir. When Edward died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her father and father-in-law, but more people supported Mary.

Elizabeth I :: essays research papers fc

Elizabeth I major power Henry VIII changed history in inn to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping she could give him a son to be his heir. He already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, a princess of Spain, whom he divorced. The Pope would not rent the divorce, so Henry declared himself the Head of the Church of England, and disallowed any power the Pope might hold on English religion.On September 7, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne had a daughter, who was named Elizabeth. A few years later, Henry accused Anne of incest, which historians agree was probably untrue - alone Anne was beheaded in May 1536, and Elizabeth, not tied(p) three years old, was sent to live with relatives so she wouldnt remind Henry of Anne. Henry had remarried Jane Seymour, who gave birth to Henrys son, Edward, later to be Edward VI, but died soon afterwards.Catherine Parr, Henrys sixth and utmost wife, brought Elizabeth and Mary back to court. As the Dowager Queen, she moved away from court an d left the ruling of the country to Edward VI, who was still a young boy. Edward Seymour (young Edwards uncle) became Lord Protector of England. Elizabeth went with Catherine, but left after an incident with Catherines new husband, Thomas Seymour, and rumors of the time suggested that Catherine caught them kissing, or perhaps even in bed together. Catherine died soon after Elizabeths departure.Young King Edward was always sickly, and came down with consumption, or tuberculosis. It seemed that he would die too young to have a child to be his heir, and it became a dangerous time for Princess Elizabeth. She was Henrys daughter, she was in Henrys will as an heir, she was in line for the throne and so was a target of many marriage proposals.Thomas Seymour asked Elizabeth to marry him, but she refused. However, both were hazard of plotting against Edward. Elizabeth was not questioned, but Seymour was arrested and eventually executed for treason after an attempt to kidnap the young king. Elizabeth, upon hearing of the Lord Admirals death, was marked as saying " immediately died a man of much wit, and very little judgment."Edwards declining health began a movement of Protestants who did not want Mary, a Catholic, to gain the throne. Lady Jane Grey, a descendent of Henrys sister Mary, was also considered a possible heir. When Edward died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her father and father-in-law, but more people supported Mary.

Is Medical Marijuana a Good Thing?

Is Medical Marijuana a good thing? Medical Cannabis or as most live it, Medical Marijuana, is separate of the herb hemp utilize as a doctor- recommended form of medicine. It similarly refers to synthetic forms of cannabinoids, which are a class of diverse chemical compounds that activate cell membrane receptors, like Tetrehydrocannabinol (THC), which is why it is recommended from doctors as well. THC is the psycho agile drug in Medical Cannabis that works with the central nauseous and immune system to help reduce pain seen in opposite health check issues, like cancer patients or patients with AIDS. Medical Cannabis is illegal in most countries.In the unify States, federal law prohibitedlaws, e actually use of herb parts from Cannabis, while some states take aim approved use of herb parts from Cannabis as medical cannabis in conflict with federal law. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal political science has a proficient to regulate and criminalize can nabis, even for medical purposes. A person can therefore be prosecuted for a cannabis-related crime. Medical Cannabis has been known to be utilize as a good thing as well, like to alleviate pain. Medical Marijuana is looked at from many perspectives, for example, physicians, medical organizations, and even government officials.They all incur different views. Some think it is a good thing and others bad. It is also looked at as health risks and treatment options as well. Some hoi polloi support medical ganja because it helps with pain when dealing with certain diseases like HIV/AIDS or cancer. One supporting factor of medical marihuana comes from the, Medicinal and amateurish Marijuana practice session by Patients Infected with HIV. There are many types of cannabis but the most commonly used for medicinal purposes are hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indicia, which are believed to produce differing therapeutic effects (215-216).Bendayan says, Marijuana has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years in a commodious variety of condition. Physicians in ancient China used Marijuana to control pain in childbirth, as well as for constipation and appetite foreplay (222). It has also been used for the treatment of chronic pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mood disorders, and much more. It has been suggested that persons with HIV/AIDS are the largest group of medical marihuana users in both Canada and the United States.A study was done and it showed, as compared with placebo, cannabis and Dronabinol, a pill form of THC, dose increased daily caloric intake and system weight in HIV positive medical marijuana users. It also showed an improved ration of sleep within the patient as well. Another study was shown in the article, Is marijuana medicinal? Donald Abrams pronounces, We conducted a stochasticized, placebo-controlled study of cannabis for patients with HIV-related peripheral neuropathy at San Francisco General Hospital because p reclinical studies and anecdotal patient reports verbalise it was helpful (38).After a 2-day quarrel period, patients were to smoke cannabis or placebo three cartridge holders a day for 5 days. Among 50 patients who completed the study, neuropathic pain decreased by about 34% with cannabis versus 17% with placebo. This plainly shows that smoking medical marijuana helps with pain. Another reason some peck support medical marijuana is it isnt a hard drug like most think it is and the Federal Government should not be involved.This Magazine discusses in the article, High time a modify legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan progeny prepared to labour the feds drug laws yet again, how marijuana is not harmless as the federal government makes it out to be. He thinks that, marijuana is relatively harmless compared to the so-called hard drugs, and including tobacco and alcohol (Consiglio 6). He convinced the courts that prohibiting pot was unconstitutional for patients under medical supervisio n. Young also believes that if the Bill C-15 is passed, which states that if Canadians get caught with more than five marijuana plants then you shall be sentences for six months.Young strongly disagrees and thinks that they are trying to use the law to work every problem. He makes a plan with three steps included. First, he plans to strike down MMAR seed policies preventing patients from purchasing anything other than a single, domestic strain. Then, hell fight to increase the grower-patient ratio (its currently one-to-two). Lastly, and for Young most importantly, he plans to create an impediment for raids of authorized grows by requiting an initial Health Canada inspection (Consiglio 6).He accepts that the bill willing be upheld. He wants to help people that actually use marijuana correctly to be able to without the law being in the way. Philippines Daily querier says Advocates of medicinal marijuana, however, claim the weed is safer and has fewer side effects than pharmaceutical s (Drugs Body). In Canada, where medicinal marijuana is legal the herb is reportedly being visit for relief of pain or persistent muscle spasms. Marijuanas highs and lows were both shown on medical marijuana. Proponents for legalizing arijuana tout its pain-relieving benefits and use by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments opponents stress that science has yet to prove the drug is safe (CNN Wire). Six thousand studies have been shown about the cannabis plant, according to NORML, which is an organization that believes marijuana should be legalized. Our bodies make natural cannabinoids, or active chemicals that cause drug-like effects through the body, according to the internal Cancer Institute. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC works in the same way as these natural chemicals.Also another study was done with Type II diabetes cannabis lowers the risk of having diabetes because of its anti-inflammatory prop erties. Mens Health Magazine discusses, how the active ingredient in pot may potentially prevent heart attacks. Harvard researchers handle mice with cholesterol for 11 weeks, and then gave them low doses of THC (Pot Luck 44). THC reduced inflammation in the rodents blood vessels. On the other hand, The National Drug Abuse says that marijuana can put users at risk for heart attack or stroke because it increases you heart rate and it contains many carcinogens.Other researchers entrap that it cause people, especially teens to lose IQ points. Adults who had smoked as teens tended to show more pronounced deficits in memory, concentration, and overall brainpower in relation to their peers (CNN Wire). Mostly, marijuana is smoked for medical purposes or to take away stress. The good thing is, its at a low rate for addiction, and no possible overdoses have ever been reported. Some people pock marijuana because they say it increases pain. Medical News Today reported on a study that found t hat active ingredients such as those in marijuana tend to prolong pain.Medical News Today noted that this was surprising since marijuana often said to relieve pain. Researchers said that marijuana many be useful in some situations but conclude that it should be used with great care for pain relief in light of the study (Marijuana Use). Also an experiment was done with rodents and human, explained in the issue of Science, which propose that these endocannabinoids, which are made in the human body from smoking medical marijuana can actually prolong pain rather than relieve it. Researchers recruited human volunteers to determine whether a compound that blocked endocannabinoid receptors would have an effect on the increased sensitivity to pain (hypergalesia) and tendency for normally non-painful stimuli to induce pain (allodynia) often reported in areas of the body near where neat pain has been inflicted (Marijuana Use). The volunteers did not show reduction in perceived pain but has l ess hyperalgesia and allodynia. The results matched up well with the endocannabinoid hypothesis very well.Models showed that cannabinoids over-activating the pain system and it just doesnt seem like a good idea to further increase this effect. Another reason people oppose medical marijuana is because it is based on science and politics. They also confirm that it has no medical use. The FDAs Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is base on Science, an article that was written about how marijuana has no medical use and it should be outlawed. The Drug-Free Action Alliance states, Different organizations make out that marijuana should be evaluated for use in the same scientific manner as any other substance.The viewpoint states that at the moment evidence indicates that marijuana has no medical use. However, the organizations argue that marijuana should not be legalized through voter or legislative initiative, because such initiatives are not scientific. A lot of places includi ng the American Medical Association (AMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and even the American Cancer Society does not support smoked marijuana as medicine. The AMA believes that there should be more research into any therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids-based medicines. Medical organizations believe that safer treatments exist.For example, Marinol, which is taken orally, and its a synthetic version of THC. It is also available in all fifty states. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the sole federal agency that approves drug products as safe and effective for mean indications. Marijuana is listed in memorial I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the most restrictive schedule. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which administers the CSA, continues to support that placement, and FDA concurred because marijuana met the three criteria for placement in schedule I under 21 U. S. C. 12(b) (1) (e. g. , marijuana has a high potential for abuse, has no current ly accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision) (Drug-Free.. ). There are alternative approved medications for treatment of the purposes of smoked marijuana. In the article, The FDAs Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is ground on Politics reports that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a statement declaring that marijuana has no safe medical uses. Sidney Spiesel says that this statement is not based on science.The best evidence, Spiesel argues, suggests that marijuana may have medical uses but that further study is needed. Spiesel contends, however, that the government has blocked marijuana research. He concludes that the FDAs statement is based on politics, and he calls into question the objectivity of government science. In both cases the FDA does not approve medical marijuana it is clearly blames on both science and politics. My opinion of medical cannabis is I believe that it should be used for medical purposes because I take on that it could possibly alleviate pain.A doctor or provider should keep a check on how much is smoked by the user. They should also have random checks of the patient and how intense their pain is. I believe that your prescription should be taken away if you are caught selling it or abusing the drug. I know that marijuana makes people sleep well and have a hardy appetite and should be given for the right purposes, like anorexia. I think if we got rid of Marijuana, people would be doing harder drugs that could possibly turn into an addiction for them and may cause more deaths from overdose.I feel that there are more supporting views when it comes to using marijuana medically. In conclusion, medicinal marijuana has many supporting and opposing views. The analysis conclude that medical marijuana can increase or decrease pain or should the federal government and FDA be involved or not. All of the outlooks have many supporting deta ils as well. Medical marijuana is politically, medically, and scientifically viewed and different matters are discussed and laws are being made about this issue. Works Cited Abrams, Donald I. , and Jodie Trafton. Is marijuana medicinal? Internal Medicine News 15Apr. 2012 38. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Consiglio, Alex. High time a change legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan Young prepares to fight the feds drug laws yet again. This Magazine May-June 2010 6. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drug-Free Action Alliance and intoxicant and Drug Abuse Prevention Association of Ohio. The FDAs Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Science. Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Marijuana as Medicine. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drugs body says no to legalizing marijuana. Philippines Daily Inquirer Makati City, Philippines 14 Nov. 2012. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. Highs and lows of using marijuana. CNN Wire 7 Nov. 2012. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Marijuana Use Can Increase Pain. Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Discovery That Active Ingredient in Marijuana Spread and Prolong Pain Has Implications for Medical Use of Drug and Concepts of Chronic Pain. Medical News Today. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 012. Pot luck. Mens Health July-Aug. 2005 44. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. R Bendayan, et al. Medicinal And Recreational Marijuana Use By Patients Infected With HIV. AIDS Patient Care Stds 18. 4 (2004) 215-228. CINAHL with Full Text. Web. 26 Nov. 2012 Spiesel, Sydney. The FDAs Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Politics. Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from All Smoke The FDAs Statement on Medical Marijuana Isnt About Science. Slate. 2006. Gale Op posing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.

Foundations of teaching and learning Essay

I am going to deliver a lesson to my learners, which exit include the three main schools of erudition, Behaviourism, Cognitivism and Humanism. I depart incorporate these ways of encyclopedism into my lesson invents to reckon my students be offered a range of learning strategies. The behaviourist learning theory suggests that we learn by receiving a stimulant that provokes a response. So long as the response is reinforced in some way that response go away be repeated. (Reece and Walker 2007)I mean behaviourism is important within the phaseroom as it is controlled Education, where the teacher fulfills control of the class and the environment that the students atomic number 18 in. Behaviourism is the educational theory that is based on the underlying ideology that the environment has direct influence on behaviour. Aims and objectives must be appearancen at the beginning of the class, to ensure the students are aware of what is expected of them. living should be employ to strengthen behaviour that you want to encourage. Students should be rewarded immediately so it crack ups the student motivation and confidence to move on to the next stage.Rewards put forward be offered in a variety of ways e. g. praise, letting them take part in something they enjoy doing, and should be used often when starting a new subject. To ensure students are kept motivated. Behaviourists look for rewards from others such as teachers, family and peers etc. Some behaviour is inappropriate so a punishment is condition up to stop that particular behaviour occurring again. People learn by copying from others, for example, performing a demonstration (you are the model) students pass on learn behaviours from the model.Within my lesson plan I have covered behaviourism with discussing previous background knowledge of subject matter so I am able to gain the needed development to move on to the next stage and by applying praise to give them confidence to be able to move on to the next stage. I will take control of the class the environment within the class will be relaxed and non-threatening. I will offer encouragement and appraisal end-to-end my lesson, before the end of the lesson I have arranged practical session as a reward.The Cognitivist school believes that learning by doing, and asking students challenging questions, will help students make their own sense of what they era studying, and enable them to make use of their learning in real life (Geoff Petty2009) The Cognitivist approach to learning focuses on students and how they gain and store knowledge. It looks into how students interpret information given to them and what technique is best for them to use to understand it. The information that is given to the students must be understood to ensure leaning is taking place.It should be presented in a step by step fashion and goals should be in place for each stage, Feedback is essential and should be given out promptly to ensure learning has take n place before moving on to the next stage. There are three modes of learning The Enactive mode learning by doing The Iconic mode imagery- depends on visual senses The symbolic mode using codes to learn This approach should be used in an attempt to promote learning using the cognitive structure. Students learn more(prenominal) when they have a greater understanding of the knowledge within the subject matter.This information is taken and added onto existing information, which is known as deep learning. Deep learning is where new learning makes a connection to old learning so you are able to build on knowledge, Deep learning is good learning students should be taught a way that encourage them to adopt a way of learning, so they have a deeper understanding. There is also surface learning where there is no connection at all from old learning to new. There is exclusively a small amount of cognitive skills used, and the new subject material has no relevance to previous learning. S tudies more recently have shown deeper approaches to learning are related to higher quality learning outcomes (Ramsden 1992 Prosser and Miller 1989 Trigwell and Prosser, 1991).Learning takes place by means of individuals changing and processing information from their social and physical surroundings. The teaching strategies for this theory should include things such has class presentations, debates and lectures, videos, readings and case studies. Work material should always be clear to understand, and produced in an organised manner, precise objective feedback should be given to facilitate learning.The amount of knowledge and understanding already attained will influence the speed and capability to add subsequent learning. I have used the cognitivism school of learning within my lesson plan by using deep surface learning, I am going to be building students knowledge through learning new subject matter to add on to old. I will take into account the structure of the subject matter de livering it in a step by step manner that is meaningful and understandable to them so they can relate new information to what they already know. My teaching methods will furiousness common principles and transferable skills.I have readiness tasks so they will have to esteem for themselves and discover new ways of finding out things nigh themselves and finding answers within the tasks. There will also be class discussions throughout the lesson, so students have the opportunitiy to express themselves, the classroom environment will be pleasant and relaxed so the students do not feel afraid to speak out. I will be performing a demonstration for students so they will be able to understand exactly what I want them to learn by doing . The only way to learn how to do something is by doing it (Paul Ginnis 2002)Humanism is virtually the learner feeling good about him or herself and being able to determine their strengths and weaknesses. The learner should believe that able to have the ability to improve. It is important that students feel good about themselves so they are able to set goals that are achievable this should be back up by the teacher to help develop students self-esteem. All topics should be relevant to the student so it keeps them interested and motivated. Students should not feel that they have done wrong, but use mistakes as an luck to learn. Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs pic Abraham Maslow 1962)It is essential that the lower needs are met before moving up to the next level in a step by step way. In a classroom setting, these needs must be fulfilled to ensure effective learning can take place. Starting with physical needs running(a) up to self- actualisation. The teacher should make the classroom environment feel warm and friendly with a positive atmosphere, and give students the choice to break away at their own pace and let them take responsibility to learn for themselves, so that they become highly motivated by working in an area of their own interests and curiosity.Humanistic teaching enables students to figure things out for themselves because over helping from the teacher will discourage and de motivate the student. Students are encouraged more by active learning than passive learning. It gives the student great motivation when they are able to solve their own problems. The prize for the humanistic theoretician is through self-evaluation and self-direction humanists like to reward themselves. Self-assessment is a crucial skill it helps students to be responsible for their own improvements where tests set by teachers are thought of as discouraging and lowering students self-esteem.I have incorporated humanistic teaching within my lesson plan through classroom environment the layout of my class room is designed to suit the students needs. There will be adequate breaks, I will ensure comfortable surroundings, all students will be treated fairly and with dignity and confidentiality will be maintained at all times. I intend to promote interaction between students and show that I care. I will encourage independence and welcome ideas and offer prizes when appropriate, promote optimism and be enthusiastic and supportive and be positive about their hereafter plans.So with this support I have applied basic needs within the classroom so my students will reach self-actualization I have set tasks where students will have to think for themselves and come up with their own conclusions. I have also included a practical activity where students will work in pairs and have to think between them to evaluate the outcome. We will be in an environment where the students are comfortable and the learning subject matter is relevant to the learners objectives.I think that the three main schools of learning should be incorporated within a lesson because I strongly agree with Maslows hierarchy of basic needs. You need to meet physical needs to be able to move up the ladder without these needs you are unable to execu te or reach self actualisation. I believe that the humanistic approach to teaching and learning is used through all ages of teaching but is more influenced with adult education. Whereas behaviorism I believe is for the younger generation. Behaviorism teaching starts from an infant they are influenced by reinforcements and that is how good behavior is determined from bad.I think this is more effective with school age children. It helps to promote learning when a child is praised. The cognitivist theory plays a big part in learning, learning should be a part of life humans have a natural urge to learn, discover and develop new skills. I agree that it is important that the learning that is taking place and the information is recognized. Marking and feedback is essential and plays a big part in student achievement, so you can evaluate where the students understood.

Night John Essay

Mrs. Barrows Us Hi chronicle I 25 August 2012 Nightjohn Reflection Questions Chapter I 1. The narrator of this story is Sarny and shes twelve years old. 2. This story is told in first person. 3. Clel Waller is Sarnys owner. 4. Sarny doesnt care or really respect Waller because when he isnt around she calls him dog droppings and many other names. 5. Sarny is not obtuse and how I know this is because shes serious quiet and listens to learn new things and if she were to be dumb she wouldnt learn anything. 6. Sarnys mother is not around because she was sold when Sarny was four years old and old Delie raised Sarny. . The work that Sarny does on the grove is working around the quarters, cleaning the yard, gathering eggs, and doing old Delie with the young ones. 8. What Sarny does at night is she gets on a pallet in the back of the prospicient log house and thinks. Chapter II 1. Sarnys job in the flower garden was to work on the roses and her job allows her to chew on tobacco leaves to fine-tune bugs. 2. Clel Waller paid one thousand dollars when he bought Nightjohn and this tells me that Nightjohn is worth money. 3. a. Sarnys mammy taped in the kettle. b.Sarnys mammy prayed inside the kettle because they didnt let pray so had to whisper in it. c. Sarnys mammy prayed to be free. Chapter III 1. Nightjohn was brought in to the orchard with a rope to his neck. 2. The condition Nightjohn was in when brought to the plantation was bad. 3. The meals in the plantation were stilltermilk down the trough, cornbread, and sometimes pieces of pork fat twice a day so the meals werent as good. 4. What Nightjohn did the first night on the plantation was see Sarny the first letter of the alphabet and this tells me he is a genuine guy. 5.What Nightjohn tells Sarny ab come on why rendering is not allowed for slaves is that if white folks find out she is going to be in more trouble than she needs. Chapter IV 1a. Alice was someone used for breeding on the Waller plantation. 1b. The first time that Alice tried to streamlet off she was brought back and got whipped in front of all the slaves. 1c. The next time she tried to escape she got caught and killed by dogs. 2a. Jim was a slave in the Waller plantation. 2b. What happened to Jim when he tried to run away was get caught because he hid in a tree and the tree wasnt high enough to escape the dogs and got killed by the dogs. a. Pawley was a slave in Clels plantation that fell in love with a girl in another plantation. 3b. What happened to Pawley was that he got caught coming back from another planation visiting a girl and Waller cut his heels and bled to death 4. Sarny thinks its heroic and stupid at the same time to escape because it would be a miracle if slaves actually made it, but they always get caught. 5. Sarny does still continue to learn letters from Nightjohn and what that tells me about her character is that she sticks in what she believes in. 6a.The reason why Mammy reacts the way she did when she catches Nightjohn learn Sarny is because she could be in big trouble if the white folks find out and she has to protect Sarny from any harm. 6b. Mammys attitude changes from world overprotective to being calm and understanding after Nightjohn explains his reason for teaching her. 7a. Nightjohn got scars in his back before he escaped a plantation. 7b. Nightjohn returned after escaping because he came back to teach slave children how to read and write. 7c. He wants to teach slave children to read and write because he wants them to have something to hold on to and to be brave.Chapter V 1. What Sarny is learning in her lessons with Nightjohn is how to read and write. 2a. Sarny was writing in the dirt. 2b. Sarny tells Waller that he deserves to go to hell. 2c. Waller kicks Sarny in the stomach. 2d. The conflict for Sarny is external because it is between her and Waller. 2e. Mammy was punished and her punishment was getting shackled to the wall. 2f. Nightjohn confessed to teaching S arny the letters and this tell me he is a brave individual. 2g. Waller cuts two of Nightjohns toes with the help of his son Robe. 2h.Sarny believes that Waller is cruel by what he did to Mammy and Nightjohn, and that he deserves zippo but the worse. Chapter VI 1. The actions that outhouse takes after his toes are chopped off are admirable. He starts writing an A while all the slaves in the plantation are around him while saying he has learned his lesson. Then he writes a B saying This is B. What I named my wife. One of the slaves and so calls over Clel, their owner, and he continues with the next letter in the alphabet. While writing the letter C he says This is the letter C like a lecture open just like if you had something important to say. . Yes, I believe John will be successful with his planned because he is a brave man and would do anything to reach his goal. 3. What John promises Sarny is that he will always be looking for her and she seems to believe him. I myself believ e him because he seems like a man thats about his words. Chapter VII 1. Nightjohn was successful with his plan because he made it away safely and afterwards came back for Sarny like he promised. 2. What has happened to Sarny since John left was that she never wrote words in the dirt learned the letters A-J. 3. Yes, John kept his promise to Sarny because he came back for her. . John takes Sarny to School and it is so secretive because the white people cant find out about it. 5. Nightjohn was at the school teaching other kids while he was gone. 6. Nightjohn teaches reading by using catalogs. 7. Sarny feels very glad that she gets to write and learn again. Chapter Words 1. In this short chapter, Sarny tells us how every night he walks to school just to teach them how to read and write. 2. What I think would happen if another chapter was added to the book is that it will tell us how Sarny is now a wise woman that sacrifices herself to help children learn how to read and write.

Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION 1. Assalamualaikum and Good evening , on behalf of my group I welcome you whole to the presentation on FOREIGN EXCHANGE GUIDELINES IN BANGLADESH AND FINDING IN THE PROCESS ITS USER FRIENDLYNESS . Ladies and Gentlemen , the very word conflicting ex careen refers to opposed up-to-dateness in cosmopolitan but crucially in text-book terms it refers to the process or mechanism by which money of one rural domain is converted into the cash of a nonher country . standardly such conversion takes institutionalize in the occasion of unknown trade i. e. xport or import or remittance of earnings some(prenominal) interior and startward by Bangladeshi and exotic Nationals , then in fictional character of unusual Direct enthronements or at individual level for the purpose of travelling or official visits both by Bangladeshi and distant Nationals . 2. Like all early(a) country , to regulate and control smooth functioning of such immaterial telephone exchange i n Bangladesh , Foreign Exchange commands are issued by the Government of Bangladesh as well as by the Bangladesh posit in the diverseness of notices which are published in the Bangladesh Gazette .Now the Regulations which provides the legal basis for regulating all payments and switchings of foreign exchange in Bangladesh is known as Foreign Exchange Regulation (FER) Act , 1947 (Act No. VII of1947) , that was enacted on 11th March, 1947 in the then British India , subsequently adapted by Pakistan and eventually afterward necessary corrections and modifications by appropriate authority it was reproduced and adapted in Bangladesh and is still in vogue . Ladies and Gentlemen by law it is the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 947 that rules all sorts of transactions of FE in Bangladesh . 1 AIM 3. To provide General Idea on Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Foreign gold Transactions in common occasions in Bangladesh in a limited ordered series and deduce as to whether it is user-f riendly . SCOPE 4. The topic forget be discussed chthonian the following heads a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange and Common fortune/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . . b. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , capital Changers and non-homogeneous Types of handbills involving Foreign Exchange . c.Foreign Exchange in internationalistic Trade Export and issue and Foreign Direct Investment. d. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance inwards , Outward and Commercial . e. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. f. Userfriendlyness of Foreign Exchange Regulations in Bangladesh . 2 5. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange . 1) property . The term Money in modern sense is used to pick out substantial money in the form of coin or notes or in every separate form which passes freely from hand to hand as the recognised media of value exchange inside or outside the country . (2) Currency . Currency is a generic term and covers not solely the actual coins and paper notes in a country but also any credit instruments which convey the right to wealth in terms of any effrontery unit such as cheques , money orders , travelers cheques , promissory notes , bills of exchange etc . 3) Foreign Currency . As per FER Act 1947 Foreign Currency means any money other than Bangladeshi Currency i. e. Taka. (4) Foreign Exchange . As per FER Act 1947 Foreign Exchange means foreign currency and includes any instrument pinched , accepted or issued under all deposits , credits and balance payable in foreign currency and any drafts , travelers cheques and bills of exchange expressed or bony in Bangladeshi Currency but payable in any Foreign Currency . 5) Resident . Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 stipulates that any soul who has at any mea sure after the commencement of Act been occupier in Bangladesh be treated as resident inCONT Bangladesh until Bangladesh Bank by general or special order 3 directs otherwise. For the purpose of the said Act, unremarkably, a resident is a psyche, hope or firm who/which resides/has established a place of business in Bangladesh.A person is deemed to be ordinarily resident if he maintains a home in Bangladesh or resides in the country for a substantial part of each year or pays income tax as a resident of Bangladesh and falls under any of following category (a) persons dimension Office in the Service of the Republic ofBangladesh who go abroad or who are already abroad and residingoutside Bangladesh for the time being either on certificate of indebtedness or on leave, (b) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for work or self employment, c) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for study under student visa, (d) foreign nationals staying in Bangladesh with hearthstone visa, ( e) officials of Bangladesh Government and public sector undertakings deputed abroad on assignment with foreign governments/organisations or posted to their own offices (including Bangladesh Diplomatic Missions abroad) and (f) foreign nationals residing continuously in Bangladesh for sestet months or more would be treated as residents. (6) Non-Resident .A non-resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has a place of business outside Bangladesh. Non-residents include Bangladesh nationals who go out of Bangladesh for any purpose. On the other hand, the fact that a person gives an address in Bangladesh does not necessarily mean that he should be regarded as a resident if he is, in fact, altogether a temporary visitor and is ordinarily resident elsewhere . 4 (7) authoritative Dealers . The term Authorised Dealer or AD would means a bank authorised by Bangladesh Bank to deal in foreign exchange under the FER Act, 1947. (8) Money Changers .The term Money Changer means a sole p roprietorship or partnership firm/company licensed by Bangladesh Bank under FER Act, 1947 to act as Money Changer for dealing in certain foreign exchange transactions as directed by Bangladesh Bank from time to time. b. Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign ExchangeTransactions . Basiacally and virtually commonly Foreign Exchange Transaction takes place in the following occasions (1) In case of any International Trade involving Export , Import . (2) In case of Remittance of every(prenominal) Income (both inward and outward) and All kinds of Commercial Remittances . 3) All Foreign Investments and Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) . (4) All kinds of International Travels and Visits (Official & Unoffcial ) by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 5 6. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . a. Authorized Dealers (ADs) . In exercise of the powers conferred by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947 certain schedule banks which are authorized to deal in Foreign Exchange by Bangladesh Bank . The selected branches of bank which are thus entrusted to transact such FE business is known as Authorized Dealers (ADs).The ADs are authorized to make all sorts of Foreign Exchange Transactions including money ever-changing in accordance with the guidelines provided by Bangladesh Bank . As a prerequisite to become AD a schedule bank has to obtain Authorized Dealership Licence from Bangladesh Bank after following certain prescribed procedures and after fulfilling certain needs laid heap by Bangladesh Bank . Certain regulations as per FER act 1947 applicable for ADs are as follows (1) It is only Bangladesh Bank which ignore issue licences normally to scheduled banks to deal in foreign exchange foe becoming ADs .All lotions for Authorised Dealer Licence has to be do to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, contribute Office, Dhaka with a announcement that G uidelines on Managing Core Risks in Banking (as prescribed by Bangladesh Bank vide Circular No. 17, dated 07 October, 2003) pertaining to treasury functions in foreign exchange are already in place and all steps provoke been taken by the bank for internal monitoring and supervision of the branches for carrying out foreign exchange transactions. ) Besides, the banks also have to provide information showing that it has adequate manpower trained in foreign exchange and in that location is prospect to attract reasonable volume of foreign exchange business in the desired location and the applicant bank meticulously complies with the instruction manual of the Bangladesh Bank specially with regard to entrance of periodical returns. 6 b. Authorized Money Changers . In addition to the ADs in FE , Bangladesh Bank also authorizes certain Banks located in the port area or in and around BOPs and establishments like certain Hotels and Shops to buy and sale foreign currency in exchange of lo cal currency .Such banks and establishments in whose favour such licences of Authorization are granted are known as Authorized Money Changers . From Capacity point of view there are two types of Money Changers Full-Fledged Money Changers which are authorized to both purchase and sell foreign currency and Restricted Money Changers which are authorized only to purchase foreign currency notes and Travellers Cheques and under compulsion are subject to the condition that all such FE collections are surrendered by them to ADs at official rate . Certain Regulations applicable for them are as follows 1) The authorisations are granted to persons or firms of adequate means and status who, in the thought process of the Bangladesh Bank, allow for be able to conduct their dealings strictly in accordance with the foreign exchange regulations. Applications for the grant of licences with limited scope should be do to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka. (2) Money Changer shall have no branch office. The premise to be used for money changing business shall not be used for any other business activity.Money Changers are allowed to buy foreign currency notes, coins and TCs from incoming foreign and Bangladesh nationals coming/reverting from abroad. (3) Money Changers allow sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs only to outgoing Bangladesh nationals subject to a maximum limit of USD 1000 or equivalent in the form of cash and /or TC. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent shall require valid visa. Money Changers whitethorn also sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs to outgoing foreign nationals having duly issued encashment certificates, subject to a maximum limit of USD five hundred or equivalent . (4) The Money Changers shall fix their own exchange rates for purchase and sale of foreign currency notes and coins and TC and the rates shall be displayed prominently at their counters. (5) Any change in money changers office location shall require prior approval of Bangladesh Bank. Applications for changing office location should be introductoryed to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange accomplishment Department, Bangladesh Bank . c.Foreign Accounts and computer address Instrument for Foreign Exchange. Generally the movement of Foreign Currencies or FE Transactions are unbendingtled through Banking System . Usually the banks which are ADs maintain FE departments and indeed are the main channels through which international payments are being made . Such banks whitethorn have their branches in various countries abroad or where that is not possible whitethorn get affiliated with some overseas bank ready to act as their agent which are then known as correspondents .In order to strength FE transactions these banks maintain certain types of Accounts in their own names in various Foreign Currencies . Infact payments of various bill as per different terms of paym ent are made through such accounts . (1) Types of Foreign Accounts . (a) Nostro Accounts . Nostro means Ours in Latin . These are the accounts maintained by concerned Bangladeshi Bank with each of their correspondent banks . It is also known as Foreign Currency Account in some countries . 8 (b) Vostro Accounts . Vostro means Yours in latin .The current accounts in domestic currency maintained with the local banks by any Foreign Bank are Called Vostro Accounts or Local Currency Accounts . Usually vostro accounts are opened and maintained by local banks which are acting as the Correspondents to some Foreign Banks . (c) Loro Accounts . A Foreign Banks Account of any third party , whether in foreign currency or in local currency is referred to as Loro or Their Account . (d) Certain Regulations about Foreign Accounts . i) ADs may maintain accounts in freely convertible currencies with their correspondents/branches abroad. i) The ADs may enter into transactions for sale or purchase of for eign currencies with other ADs, foreign correspondents and overseas branches provided that all such transactions must be reported to the Bangladesh Bank in the appropriate Returns, workaday exchange position statement and daily interbank transaction statement . iii) Banks are always required to kick downstairs a Statement of monthend position of un-reconciled nostro account entries containing unofficial of un-reconciled nostro account entries at the end of each month. v) The ADs may obtain go around term loans and overdrafts for a period not exceeding 7 days at a time from overseas branches and correspondents at the going market rates to meet their short term needs . 9 (2) Credit Instruments and Terms of remuneration . FE Transaction may take effect in the form of any of the followings as per different terms of payment which can be short , medium or long (a) Telephone Transfers (TT) , (b) Mail Transfers (MT) , (c) Bankers Draft , (d) Bills of Exchange , (e) Letter of Credit (LC) , (f) Stock Draft , (g) Personal Cheques , (h) SWIFT , (i) Currency Notes and Coins , j) International Money Orders , (k) Travellers Cheques , (l) Credit Cards etc . The different terms of payment set by the traders in this regard can be Documentary Letter of Credit ( L/C ) , Documents Against Payment ( DP ), Documents on Acceptance ( DA ) , Consignment Sale , Value payable(VP) / Cash on Delivery (COD) or could be Suppliers Credit and Buyers Credit . 10 7. Foreign Exchange in International Trade Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment . a. FE Regulations for Exports in General . (1) Foreign exchange regulations regarding exports cover all goods xported to all destinations regard slight of whether they are subject to Export Trade Control Regulations. Similarly, nothing in the foreign exchange regulations relieves the exporters from the necessity of complying with the Export Trade Control Regulations prescribed by the Government, including the necessity of obtaining exp ort licences in case of goods the export of which requires such licence. (2) All exports to which the requirement of declaration applies, must be declared on the EXP Form (Appendix 5/19). These forms will be supplied by the ADs to their exporter clients. 3) Payment for goods exported from Bangladesh should be received through an AD in freely convertible foreign currency or in Taka from a non-resident Taka Account. Receipts against exports under various barter and bilateral arrangements should be settled as per instructions issued by the Bangladesh Bank from time to time, (4) The ADs should, before certifying any EXP form, ensure that the exporter is registered with the CCI under the Registration (Importers and Exporters) Order 1952. The registration number should be quoted on the relative EXP forms. 11 ) In the case of commodities export of which is subject to receipt of advance payment or affirm and irrevocable LC (such as raw jute), shipments will be allowed by the customs only on the basis of the certificate of the AD on the EXP forms to the effect that either advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC has been received covering export of the goods mentioned on the EXP form. 6) The period prescribed by the Bangladesh Bank inwardly which full foreign exchange proceeds of exports must be received by exporters is four months (Vide Bangladesh Bank Notification No. FE 1/77-BB dated 16th April, 1977).If the receipt of the full proceeds of any shipment is delayed beyond this period without a special or general authorisation from the Bangladesh Bank, the exporter will be liable to action under the FER Act. (7) forwards paying out money against remittances received from abroad, whether against purchase of foreign currency or debit to a non-resident taka account of a foreign bank in case where purpose of the remittance is stated to be advance receipt for goods to be exported from Bangladesh, the AD should obtain a declaration from the beneficiary on the gat her Receipt Voucher certifying the purpose of the remittance. 8) Unless specific approval is obtained from Bangladesh Bank, the entire export proceeds in case of both physical and non-physical export, must be repatriated within four months of export as usual. 12 b. FE Regulations for Export Processing zones (EPZs) . (1) EPZ s have been established by the Act namely, Bangladesh Export Processing partition off Authority Act, 1980. The following types of industrial units operate in the EPZs (a) Type A 100 percent foreign owned including those owned by Bangladeshi nationals ordinarily resident abroad. b) Type B Joint venture projects between foreign and Bangladesh entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. (c) Type C 100 percent Bangladeshi entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. The broad guidelines relating to the operation of industrial enterprises in the EPZs are contained in the Principles and Procedures governing setting up of industries in EPZ issued by the Bangladesh Export Processi ng Zone Authority (BEPZA). (2) Exports from EPZs are subject to the usual requirement of declaration of exports in EXP Form and repatriation of export proceeds.For identification, EXP forms for these exports should be rubber stamped or over printed with words exporting FROM EPZ in bold letters. (3) Sales of Bangladeshi goods or raw materials to the enterprises in EPZ against payment in foreign currency shall be treated as exports from Bangladesh and normal foreign exchange regulations concerning declaration of exports on EXP Forms and repatriation of proceeds is applicable to these exports to the EPZ enterprises. 13 C.FE Regulations for Import . (1) Import of goods into Bangladesh is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce in terms of the Import and Export (Control) Act, 1950, through Import Policy Order (IPO) in force and Public Notices issued from time to time by the Office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI&E). The instructions contained in this chapter apply to sales of foreign exchange or transfers to nonresident taka accounts against import of goods into Bangladesh.In terms of the Importers, Exporters and Indentors (Registration) Order, 1981 no person can import goods into Bangladesh unless he is registered with the CCI&E or exempted from the provisions of the said Order. Before Letter of Credit Authorisation Form (LCAF) is issued or Letter of credit (LC) is opened or remittance is made for imports into Bangladesh the AD should verify that the importer is registered with the CCI&E or otherwise exempted from such registration. The AD should ensure that the registration number of the importer is invariably furnished on the IMP form.Where the importer is exempted from such registration, a suitable mention of this fact should be made on the IMP form. (2) The ADs must ensure that they deal only with known customers having a place of business in Bangladesh and can be traced easily should any occasion arise for this purpose. Opening of LCs and payments for imports into Bangladesh should be made through an AD in the area where the holder of the LCAF is resident . In case the importer is a new customer, the AD should obtain certificate from the AD through which the applicant imported earlier to the effect that no bill of entry is due/overdue for submission by the mporter. 14 (3) The aggregate amount of foreign exchange sold against an LCAF whether under LC or otherwise, should not exceed the value mentioned in the LCAF, In case where LC was opened and remittance is needed in a floating currency against which no forward booking has been made, the Taka value of the LCAF shall be deemed to have been increased to the extent of appreciation of the foreign currency for the purpose of allowing remittance by the . d. FE Regulations for Foreign Investments . Foreign investors are free to make investment in Bangladesh in the industrial enterprises excepting a few reserved sectors.An industrial venture may be set up in collaboration w ith local investors or may even be wholly owned by the foreign investors. No permission of the Bangladesh Bank is needed to set up such ventures if the entrepreneurs use their own funds. However, to avail of the facilities and institutional support provided by the Government, entrepreneurs/sponsors may secure registration with the Board of Investment (BOI). 15 8. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance Inward , Outward and Commercial . a. FER on Inward Remittance . 1) The term Inward Remittances includes not only remittance by T. T. , M. T. , Drafts etc. , but also purchases of bills, purchases of drafts under Travellers Letters of Credit and purchases of Travellers Cheques. (2) The ADs may freely purchase foreign currencies or raise debits to non-resident Taka Accounts of the respective(prenominal) bank branches and correspondents. Remittances equivalent to US$ 2000 and above should be reported. Remittances received against exports should be certified and reported on EXP Forms. 3) The re is no objection to the ADs obtaining reimbursement from non-resident banks in freely convertible foreign currency in respect of Taka bills and drafts purchased by them under instructions from such a non-resident bank whether under Letters of Credit or under other arrangements. (4) If an inward remittance already reported to the Bangladesh Bank is cancelled, either in full or in part, because of non-availability of beneficiary or for any other reason, the ADs must report the cancellation of the inward remittance as an outward remittance on TM form. 16 b.FER on Outward Remittance . (1) Most outward remittances either in its entirety or upto a certain limit set by Bangladesh Bank may be venerated by the ADs, following declaration of Taka as convertible for current account payments from March, 1994. However, the limits of release of foreign exchange set forth in this Guidelines are indicative . (2) All remittances from Bangladesh to a foreign country or local currency credited to no n-resident Taka accounts of foreign banks or convertible Taka account constitute outward remittances of foreign exchange.ADs must exercise utmost caution to ensure that foreign currencies remitted or released by them are used only for the purposes for which they are released they should also maintain proper records for submission of returns to Bangladesh Bank as also for the latters inspection from time to time. (3) In all cases of purchase of foreign currency, an application must be made to an AD. For payments against imports into Bangladesh, the prescribed application form must be used .On receipt of the application from the client/customer, the ADs may effect the sale of foreign exchange if they are empowered to approve the application. If the transaction requires prior approval of the Bangladesh Bank, the application should be forwarded by the AD to the Bangladesh Bank for consideration. (4) Applications for Bangladesh Banks prior approval for outward remittances, wherever requi red, should be submitted to the Bangladesh Bank only through the ADs and not by their customers directly. 7 (5) The amount released must not exceed the authorised limit. Also, the instructions, if any, given in the approval with regard to the amounts to be released sporadically e. g. monthly or quarterly must be strictly adhered to. (6) All authorisations for selling foreign exchange for outward remittances given by the Bangladesh Bank ordinarily remain valid for a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of approval . c. Commercial remittance . Commercial Remittance can be both inward and outward .It originates from numerous sectors and in various forms . (1) Inward remittances are usually originated from freight and passage charges applicable for cargoes carried by field Transportation , Airliner and Shipping industry . It also comes from individuals during their travels in various ports . (2) Whereas Outward remittance is originates from local distributors of the overseas ca ble channels . 18 9. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. a.FER for Bangladeshi Nationals Travelling Abroad . 1) The amount of foreign exchange released by an AD to a traveller with the approval of the Bangladesh Bank or under general recorded by them on the travelers valid passport as well as ticket under their stamp and signature at the time of release of such exchange. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent will require valid visa. However, firearm issuing foreign exchange to the Diplomats/Privileged persons/UN personnel, Govt. fficials travelling on official duties, such endorsement in their passports need not be made . (2) The ADs may release foreign exchange upto US$ 1000 or equivalent per person during a calendar year to Bangladesh nationals proceeding by oxygenise to destinations in SAARC member countries and Myanmar within this annual limit, upto US$ 500 or equivalent may be issued per person for o verland travels to the aforesaid countries.Also for visits of Bangladesh nationals to destinations in countries other than those mentioned above, upto US$ 3000 per person may be issued during a calendar year. However, foreign exchange in the form of cash must not exceed US$ 2000 at any one instance. For resident Bangladesh nationals proceeding abroad against one way ticket for valid job or migrating abroad, the release of foreign exchange shall not exceed the half of the un-used balance of the annual travel entitlement of the person concerned in the calendar year.Irrespective of foreign exchange entitlement, the outgoing passenger is permitted to take upto Bangladesh Taka 500 in cash at each time. . 19 (3) The annual quotas mentioned above are for adult passengers. For minors (below 12 years in age) the applicable quota will be half the amount allowable to adults . (4) While releasing foreign exchange for travel purposes the ADs should ensure that (a) the intending traveller is a cl ient of the AD bank or is sufficiently well known to the AD bank for it to be satisfied about the bonafide of the application. b) the intending traveller is in possession of a confirmed air ticket (where applicable) for journey to be undertaken. (c) the amount released is endorsed on the passport and air ticket (where applicable) of the traveller with indelible ink, with the signature and name of the AD branch brocaded in the passport and ticket (where applicable) (d) For official or semi-official visits abroad by the officials of Government/Autonomous/Semi-autonomous institutions etc. ADs may release foreign exchange as per entitlements fixed by the Ministry of Finance/respective competent authority from time to time. In such cases, the applicant for foreign exchange shall be required to submit the Competent Authoritys Order/Notification /Circular authorising the travel abroad . 20 b. FER for Travels and Visits of Foreign National . The ADs may issue foreign currency TCs to foreign nationals without any limit and foreign currency notes upto USD 2000 per person against surrender of equivalent amounts in foreign currencies.The TCs and foreign currency notes should, however, be delivered only on production of a ticket for a destination outside Bangladesh and the amount issued should be endorsed on the relative passports. c. Import of Foreign Currency Notes . (1) In terms of Bangladesh Bank Notification Nos FE-1/03-BB dated 6th January, 2003 and FE-1/04-BB dated 23rd March, 2004 any person may bring into Bangladesh from any place outside Bangladesh without any limit foreign currency notes or bank notes other than (a) Un-issued notes and coins. (b) Notes legal tender in Bangladesh in excess of Taka 500 in value.Provided that the concerned person makes a written declaration to the Customs Authorities at the time of arrival, in FMJ Form of the entire amount no declaration will however, be necessary if the amount brought in does not exceed US$ 5000 or its equivalent in foreign currency and does not exceed Taka 500 in notes legal tender in Bangladesh. (2) Sending into Bangladesh by post/courier or otherwise of any currency note, bank note or coin by any person from abroad without general or specific permission from the Bangladesh Bank is prohibited. 1 d. Export of Foreign Currency Notes . . (1) Any person ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may take out foreign exchange not exceeding US$ 5000 or its equivalent which was brought in without declaration at the time of returning(a) from abroad. (2) Any person not ordinarily resident in Bangladesh including Bangladesh Nationals working abroad may take out of Bangladesh any amount in foreign exchange not exceeding the amount declared by him to the Customs Authority on arrival in Bangladesh.However, such a person may take out at the time of leaving Bangladesh foreign exchange not exceeding US $ 5,000 or its equivalent brought in without declaration to the Customs Authority on his arrival in Bangladesh. (3) It is not permissible to send currency notes and coins out of Bangladesh by post/courier or any other means. 22 10. Findings on Whether FER is User-Friendly . On the basis of reasonable Studies and Analysis done on the topic followings could be deduced in this regard . Firstly , because of less of restrictions imposed on Foreign Currency Accounts the FER in general seems more user friendly for Outward Remittance as unlike other countries it facilitates unaccented remitting of any amount abroad . b. Secondly the FE rate being allowed to be dictated by open market rather than by telephone exchange bank , it results in frequent fanfare which goes in favour of export trade than facilitating import trade . c.Thirdly , FER facilitates easy inflow and outflow of foreign currency during travels or visits made by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , while being less liberal in this regard on local currency . d. Fourthly , less of monitoring facilities on ADs and Money Changers m akes it possible sometimes to artificially overvalue foreign currency thus giving rise to inflation making it generally user friendly to the Foreign Currency holders than to local currency bearers . e .Last but not the least for less of practice of existing rules and corruption of certain levels of regulating authority the country as a whole does not seem to rip the benefit out of the FER rather other countries seems to enjoy so . 23 CONCLUSION 11 . Although the presentation on Foreign Exchange Regulation was made on a limited scale , but the process allowed our group to have a proper realization about the fact that in case of our personal and professional life ther is no scope of being ignorant or having less of knowledge on FER .As in that case it may either make us suffer or make pay heavy price during our travels or while doing business . 12. It is thus needless to mention that it is to the best of our interest that we take good private road in acquiring knowledge in this reg ard and in future make best utilization of that knowledge in taking important decisions both in our personal and professional life and career . Thank you . 24

Synoptic Gospels

Synoptic gospel singings Introduction God used his four Gospels to accomplish a purpose. Each Gospel and in fakeant had a different purpose and each focused on the different facets of Jesus and his ministry. The first three Gospels be referred to as the synoptic religious doctrine because of the large amount of overlapping materials. (In Greek, synoptic means seen together). The Gospel of John is distinguished from the synoptic gospels due to the accounts on Jesus miracles and discourses. (Mueller 79). The Gospel of John is often used to compare and contrast the synoptic three gospels.The synoptic gospels and their confusableities has risen a growing suspicion if the authors had a coarse source or if they retrieved their information or it has even been argued they copied each others gospels. This has caused many growing issues among Christians over a span of time concerning the similarities and differences in each gospel. Between the earliest surviving Gospel and the death of Jesus, four decades had passed get it oning this gives a person reasonable belief Gospels were the true pens. They were scripted by the authors human footd on many writings as well as eyewitness testimony.The similarities in Matthew, Mark and Luke can be explained by literal tradition meaning what they saw and heard for themselves as well as stories and events told by communities during Jesus life and after his death. The first three Gospels are what are kn bear as the Synoptic Problem. The Synoptic Problem addresses the need to account for the similarities and differences in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. (Mueller 85) The Synoptic Problem is not really a problem at all it is a question which consists of who wrote the first gospel and did one copy from the other?How did the three gospels bear much(prenominal) a likeness to each other and not the Gospel of John? at that place is no real or correct answer to this question or problem. The synoptic gospels were obviousl y written in different places, by different people and at different times. Each Gospel was written with its own theme and emphasis on Jesus and reasoning behind it. These three books, which occupy perhaps 240 pages of the average edition of the New Testament, stand been the subject of a weight of scholarly investigation, an analysis which leaves far behind that accorded to any other literature in the world. (Hanson) Similarities and DifferencesWhile comparing Matthew, Mark and Luke on that point are similarities and differences between the gospels. There are significant numbers of exact wording, order of narrative and parenthetical material. Of 661 verses which belong to Mark all but 30 verses are found in Mark and/or Luke. Of the material common to Mark and in Matthew and Luke there are 8, 189 of the 10, 10650 words found in one or both of them. Matthew and Luke have 235 verses in common that is not found in Mark, leading us to believe that Matthew Mark and Luke depended upon ea ch other or that two sources were used to piss these gospels.It is not indicted or proven that they copied from each other. (Farmer) Since Matthew and Luke wrote independently but share so much of non-Markan material the other source material called (Q). (Mueller) Hypodissertation and hypothesis There is a continuing debate regarding the composition of the Gospels. There are many theories and hypotheses based on biblical scripture and theological findings but there is no right or wrong answer. The Augustinian hypothesis states since Matthew was the first written gospel the Gospel of Mark came after Matthew and Luke wrote his gospel based on theirs (Piper).In addition, Griesbach judge this theory and discount any kind of traditional attempt and was focused on the three Gospels literary dependence between gospel narratives. (Smith), Griesbach dismissed traditional attempts to blend these accounts & focused attention on their literary dependence instead (Smith). Gresbach even publ ished a thesis where Mark often followed Matthews writing as a guide to his writings. Second is the Two- source this thesis shows the gospels of Matthew & Luke are independent writings. They each are based on Mark and Q.Mark is set as the main source of information to whereas Matthew and Luke had gathered their information for their gospels from because of the similarities in wording, events, and parallels A Philosophically trained British theologian & biblical exegete by the name of Mark Farrer held that Mark was Matthewss sole literary source. (Smith) Farrer states that any writings from Matthew such as Sermon on the Mount that could not be traced back to Mark must be his own. Lastly the Q source hypothesis which is a written document composed in Greek is short for Quelle which is defined in German for source. Q contained sayings and discourses ascribed in to Jesus (McConkey). There was never a copy of Q found but many scholars are convinced it did exist. This hypothesis states or so of Q contents appear either both in Matthew and Luke or in one or the other. There are many other hypothesis and theories base on the solving the synoptic problem. Solution The prevailing solution to the synoptic problem for the past century among scholars trained in literary criticism of the gospels. The thesis is the gospels of Matthew & Luke are independent compositions, each based on two earlier texts Mark & Q. Smith) In comparing the Gospels in which points they are similar to other existing pieces. In the future, such comparison should identify the issues of composition, social context, and ideology the will be more useful than a sterile form/content/function analysis. In addition, it should be also recognized that the closest parallels to the Gospel genre are most likely to be found deep down the same Jewish environment which gave rise to the church itself. (Thatcher) Conclusion The Synoptic Gospels all tell the story of Jesus, and proclaim him the Son of God.Essentia lly what we believe in as Christians will not change whichever way the synoptic problem is solved. Whether we know him as the King, the Servant, the Son of Man or Son of God , we know he is one in the same Jesus. As is shown by the writings of the Synoptic Gospels as well as the Gospel of John are a true testimony of the accounts of Jesus ministry. . Although each author may place emphasis on different facets of Jesus birth, life, death and resurrection the subject stay the same. Jesus died to save us from our sins.Works Cited Farmer, William R. THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM . Mercer University Press, 1981. Hanson, R P C. Bp. Assessment of motive in the study of the Synoptic Gospels. Modern cleric (1967. ) ns 10 no 4 Jl 1967, p 255-269. James McConkey, Robinson, Christopher, the Sayings Gospel Q Mueller, J. J. , SJ, editor. Theological Foundations. Winona Anselm Academic, Christian Brothers Publications, 2007. Piper, Ronald Allen. The gospels behind the Gospels current studies on Q. Novum Testamentum (1995) 23. Smith,

Arnold’s Touchstone Method Essay

Arnolds beat method is a comparative method of criticism. According to this method, in order to judge a poets seduce properly, a critic should compare it to passages taken from works of swell cut acrosss of poetry, and that these passages should be applied as touchstones to other poetry. Even a single logical argument or selected quotation will serve the purpose. If the other work moves us in the same way as these lines and expressions do, then it is really a great work, otherwise non. This method was recommended by Arnold to overcome the shortcomings of the personal and historical estimates of a poem.Both historical and personal estimate goes in vain. In personal estimate, we send wordnot all leave out the personal and subjective factors. In historical estimate, historical importance often makes us rate a work as higher(prenominal) than it really deserves. In order to form a real estimate, one should have the ability to distinguish a real classic. At this point, Arnold offer s his theory of measure Method. A real classic, says Arnold, is a work, which belongs to the class of the very best. It can be recognized by placing it beside the known classics of the world.Those known classics can serve as the touchstone by which the merit of contemporary poetic work can be tested. This is the central idea of Arnolds Touchstone Method. Matthew Arnolds Touchstone Method of review was really a comparative system of criticism. Arnold was basically a classicist. He admired the ancient Greek, Roman and French authors as the models to be followed by the red-brick English authors. The old English like Shakespeare, Spenser or Milton were also to be taken as models. Arnold took selected passages from the modern authors and compared them with selected passages from the ancient authors and thus decided their merits.This method was called Arnolds Touchstone Method. However, this system of judgement has its own limitations. The method of comparing passage with a passage is n ot a sufficient test for determining the order of a work as a whole. Arnold himself insisted that we must judge a poem by the total impression and not by its fragments. But we can further extend this method of comparison from passages to the poems as whole units. The comparative method is an invaluable aid to appreciation of any kind of art.It is helpful not merely thus to compare the masterpiece and the lesser work, but the good with the not so good, the sincere with the not quite sincere, and so on. Those who do not agree with this theory of comparative criticism say that Arnold is too austere, too exacting in comparing a simple modern poet with the ancient master poet. It is not fair to expect that all hills may be Alps. The mass of current literature is much better disregarded. By this method we can cook apart the alive, the vital, the sincere from the shoddy, the showy and the insincere.

Internship Report Sample

Is week 5 now, I assume getting used to a percentage of working(a) procedure here and stick out handle customer all by myself. Besides handling customer, I also try to solution and monitor the social page of the company in order to keep the page active and result to people who needed our services. In addition, I also practice how to use Photoshop during free time. On the opposite hand, learning how to use photoshop is not an easy job. I have try to create something but erupt and end up passing the job to my colleague that is specialize on designing things.Nevertheless, I exit keep on learning and hope that I can master it as soon as possible. Week 6 was different, besides of monitoring the social page and customer services, I worked in the shop class of the company and help in their production. In addition, I also follow one of my supervisors to some of the working site. Since it is week 6, I have watch how to produce some of the product in the workshop many an(prenominal) times. So now I know how to help out my colleague in a redress way to increase the production speed.Although I have make some minor flaw at the set out, but it went down quite well after few times. My colleague also helps to fix my mistake and taught me how to do it correctly. Is week 7, everyday seems to be like a routine this week. Each morning I will open up the social media network which is Facebook to reply messages or enquiries on post that I post in the company page. If customer is convince to our service, I will proceed to payment and start processing their product. Besides that, I will also open up our email go do some email marketing and also see whether they is any reply in the mail.Week 8 is a bit challenging, Im still doing those routine everyday but this week our supervisor quest me and my other colleague to create information for a new webpage. We will need to prepare worth of the quotation for all the product need to be list in the webpage. Besides that, we als o have to list out all the area that our company services are covering. There is a lot of problem during the process because we keep on editing the file until our supervisor is satisfied with our information.

How Can You Better Manage Your Time at Work?

In any type of job, there will be instances when there seems to be no quantify for you to process or end up every social occasion task before the day ends. This usu tout ensembley happens when the all tasks are piled up and you engage to finish all of them in a single day. Due to the lack of time, you end up every only finishing a certain amount of tasks or none at all. However, these things wont happen if you manage your time well at get. Personally, at the start of the day, the scratch line thing I should do is list down all the things I need to do for the day and rank them gibe to the level of priority.Afterwards, I would first work on the tasks that have the highest level of priority and see to it that I finish it as quick and as flawlessly as possible. For example, when studying for major examinations, I should first study the subjects that I find difficult to understand before I study the subjects that are easier for me. In short, in order for me to better manage my tim e at work, the most important thing I should do first is to set my priorities so that I know which among the daily tasks I should finish first.Focusing on the task at overtake is another key trait in managing ones time effectively at work. When a task is assigned to me, I should make sure that my attention and all my efforts are concentrated on finishing that task. For example, when working on a devise or a research paper, I should make sure that I only do things that are related to my project and temporarily avoid anything that could distract me from my task, such as the television and the computer, among others.Unnecessary small talk, delays, and other form of distractions sess easily hinder me from accomplishing the task at hand. On the other hand, focusing on doing my work as efficiently as possible helps speed up the time it takes to finish that task. Moreover, setting goals is also rattling in managing time at work. Once I start a task, I should always work hard on accompl ishing the goals Ive set. Setting goals elementaryally gives purpose in what I am doing.In class, for example, my basic goal should be to finish my education and move up to the next level. In addition, another thing that could help manage my time better is to find motif or inspiration that would drive me to finish the task at hand. This basically means focusing on the satisfaction or the rewards that I would buzz off if I effectively finish my task on time. For example, while studying in school, the source of motivation or inspiration should be getting good grades and receiving honors.However, among all the things that could help me better manage my time is to find all the reasons to do my work. In any type of work, there will always be times when I could offer excuses not to do my work. In order to better manage my time, quite looking for excuses not to being working, I should find all reasons for me to start doing my work. Over-all, for me, better time worry at work basically means setting and organizing priorities, focusing on the task at hand and avoiding delay, and setting goals for me to accomplish.

Capacity planning Essay

WHAT IS cognitive content cooking?Capacity can be defined as the ability to hold, receive, store, or accommodate a measure of an governances ability to provide customers with the look ated services or goods in the amount call for and in a timely manner. Capacity visualisening is the process of de vergeining the harvest-festivalion mental ability requisite by an organization to meet changing demand for its products. The objectives of capableness readying areTo identify and sour cogency problem in a timely manner to meet consumer needs. To maintain a brace between required skill and available capacity. The goal of capacity training is to minimize this discrepancy.Capacity is exert out (number of machines or workers) (number of shifts) (utilization) (efficiency).THE NEED FOR readiness PLANNINGCapacity planning is the first step when an organization pertinacious to produce more or a new product. Once capacity is evaluated and a need for a new expanded facility is d etermined, facility location and process technology activities occur. Too much capacity would require exploring ways to reduce capacity, such as temporarily closing, selling, or consolidating facilities. Consolidation might deal relocation, a combining of technologies, or a rearrangement of equipment and processes. Capacity planning is done in order to idea whether the demand is higher than capacity or lower thancapacity. That is compare demand versus capacity. It helps an organization to identify and plan the actions necessary to meet customers present and future tense demand.HOW IS CAPACITY MEASURED?For some organization capacity is simple to measure. General Motors Corporation can use numbers of automobiles per year. But what about organization whose product lines are more diverse? For these firms, it is hard to find a common unit of return. As a substitute, capacity can be uttered in name of input. A legal potency may express capacity in terms of the number of attorneys em ployed per year. A custom business line shop or an auto repair shop may express capacity in terms of available labour hours and/or machine hours per week, month, or year. Capacity can be expressed in terms of input & output, depending on the nature of business. administration banner Output Automobile manufacturer verse of autos Steel producer Tones of steel Power company Megawatts of electricity Input Airline Numbers of lavatory Hospital Number of beds Tax office Number of accountantsCAPACITY PLANNING DECISIONCapacity planning normally involves the following activitiesAssessing existing capacity.Forecasting capacity needs.Identifying alternative ways to modify capacity.Evaluating financial, economical, and technological capacity alternatives.Selecting a capacity alternative most suited to achieving strategic mission.THREE STEPS OF CAPACITY PLANNINGDetermine Service Level RequirementsThe first step on the capacity planning process is to categorize the work done by carcasss and t o quantify users expectation for how the work gets down.Define workloadsDetermine the unit of workIdentify service trains for each workloadAnalyze current capacityNext, the current capacity of the system must be analyzed to determine how it is meeting the needs of the users.Measure service levels and compare to objectivesMeasure overall resources usages.Measure resource usages by workloadIdentify components of response timePlanning for futureFinally, using forecasts of future business activity, future system requirements are determined. Implementing the required changes in system configuring pull up stakes ensure that sufficient capacity will be available to maintain service level, even as circumstanced change in the future. Determine future processing requirementsPlan future system configurationSTRATIGES FOR MODIFYING CAPACITYAfter existing and future capacity requirements are assessed, alternative ways of modifying capacity must be identified. Capacity refers to a systems potent ial for producing goods or delivering services over a qualify time interval. Capacity planning involves long-term and short term cipherations. Long-term considerations relate to the overall level of capacity short-run considerations relate to variations in capacityrequirements due to seasonal, random, and irregular fluctuations in demand.Excess capacity arises when actual production is less than what is achievable or optimal for a firm. This often means that the demand in the market for the product is below what the firm could potentially supply to the market. Excess capacity is ineffective and will cause manufacturers to incur extra be or lose market share.Short-term Responses-For short-term periods of up to one year, fundamental capacity id fixed. Major facilities are seldom opened or unlikeable on a regular monthly or yearly basis. Many short-term adjustments for increasing or decreasing capacity are possible, however. Which adjustment to make depended on whether the convers ion process is primarily labour-or capital-intensive and whether the product is one that can be stored in inventory.Long-term Responses-Expansion from World War II by the 1960s, the U.S. economy was one of abundance and growth. Since the 1970s the United States has encountered problems of scarce resources and a more competitive economy. Organization today cannot be locked into thinking only about expanding the resource base they must also consider optimal approaches to contracting it.Example- A warehousing act foresees the need for an additional 100,000 cheering feet of place by the end of the next five year. One option is to add an additional 50,000 square feet straight and another 50,000 square feet two year from now. Another option is to add the entire 100,000 square feet now. Estimated costs for building the entire addition now are $50/square foot. If expanded incrementally, the initial 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet to be added later a re estimated at $80/square foot. Which alternative is better? At a minimum, the lower construction costs plus inordinateness capacity costs of total construction now must be compared with higher costs of deferred construction. The operation manager must consider the costs, benefits, and risks of each option.WHAT ARE THE MODELS AND TECHNIQUES THAT ARE USEFUL FOR CAPACITY PLANNING? pledge value analysis It is used to evaluate the time of capital investment and fund flows. Aggregate planning models it is useful for examining the way of using the examining the way of using the existing capacity in the short terms. secede even analysis to determine the minimum break even volumes of production. Linear programming this is helpful in determining the optimum product mix for maximizing contribution, considering the capacity constraints. Computers simulation it is helpful to determine the do of various scheduling policies. Decision tree analysis this can be applied for long term capacity pr oblems.WHAT ARE ECONOMIES OF SCALE?It is well known principle of economics. It indicates the relationship between cost and capacity in an operating system. When output increases in an operating system, the system is likely to experience cost advantages on account several factors. Due the following reasons the average unit cost begins to fall with the rise in output level Spreading the fixed costs of capacity over a larger outputImproved utilization of several resources in the systemCost benefit in procurement on account of increased volume.Efficient use of supervisory and management staff.The economies of scale cease to occur beyond a level of production or output. This is called Diseconomies of scale. There can be several reasons for this uneconomical management due to largeness of operation and resultant lack of coordination. Overuse of machineries and break down of framework handling equipments Over hiring of employees, or excessive overtime.Service slowdowns due to increasing complexitiesIncrease in case problems because of mismanagement and lack of focus.EFFECIENY AND UTILIZATIONUtilisation = Actual OutputDesign capacityBoth measures expressed in percentageExample- Design capacity= 50 trucks/dayEffective capacity= 40 trucks/dayActual output= 36 units/day